Realism and Henry James Essay -- essays research papers fc

Realism, in the broadest of definitions, is the faithful representation of reality or verisimilitude. The realist is considered to be the â€Å"philosophical extrovert† . Within the scope of American literature, ‘realism’ spans the time period from the Civil War to the turn of the century. Some claim that American realism was the product of a country shaken by war combined with technological advances and increased consciousness of nationhood. Realism, according to Weinberg, â€Å"denies the continuum of time as meaningful dimension of experience because time cannot be seen or touched† . In essence, realism was a solution to the problem of the past. It â€Å"made a religion out of newness and contemporaneity† . However, some critics of realism have criticized it as having been â€Å"exposed as an insidious agent of the capitalistic-imperialistic-bourgeois hegemony† . The advent of realism was much appreciated by writers everywhere for it was a response to the changing cultural needs. William Dean Howells, Mark Twain and Henry James are few of the pioneers of American realism. With time, Howells abandoned the idea of the past and worked solely in the representation of American life. Twain, however, was in a limbo between his bonds with the past and a promise to the present. At this time it was James, who reconciled the ties of history and with an intellectual commitment to the present. James wrote The Art of Fiction in 1884 in a critical response to Walter Besant’s lecture on the same topic. James’s basic aim in this critique was to critically analyze Besant’s thoughts on fiction whilst putting forward what he believed the art and form of fiction to be. James contends that fictional writing is the representation of real life. In The Art of Fiction he claims that a novel â€Å"is a proof of life and curiosity† . At another point in this discourse he writes, â€Å"The only reason for the existence of a novel is that it does attempt to represent life† . This is synonymous with the definition of realism that I have stated above which claims that realism in literature is the representation of life. In the essay, James highlights the basis, which he believes, are essential for a piece of fiction to become art. According to him, a piece of fiction should be informative and should not carry with it the load of moral judgments or analysis. The characters and their psychological process should... ...r, Everett. "William Dean Howells' Theory of Critical Realism." ELH 16 (1949): 151-166. †¢ Crowley, John W. "The Portrait of a Lady and The Rise of Silas Lapham: The Company They Kept." (n.d.): 117-134. †¢ Dicovery of a Genius: William Dean Howells and Henry James. Ed. Albert Monrdell. New York: Twayne, 1961. †¢ James, Henry. "The Art of Fiction." Longman's Magazine (1884). †¢ James, Henry. What Maisie Knew. New York, 1909. †¢ Pizer, Donald. "Late Nineteenth-Century American Realism: An Essay in Definition." Nineteenth-Century Fiction 16 (1961): 263-269. †¢ Rouse, H. Blair. "Charles Dickens and Henry James: Two Approaches to the Art of Fiction." Nineteenth-Century Fiction 5 (1950): 151-157. †¢ Salomon, Roger B. "Realism as Disinheritance: Twain, Howells and James." American Quarterly 16 (1964): 531-544. †¢ Weinberg, Bernard. French Realism: The Critical Reaction, 1830-1870. (Oxford, 1937) pp. 122-123.

Xacc 280- Week 7 Check Point Ratio

Calculations- Liabilities and Assets for PepsiCo Inc. based on their consolidated Balance Sheet Current Ratio= 10,454 (Current Assets)| = 1. 11%| 9,406 (Current Liabilities)| | 2005 2004 Current Ratio= 8,639 (Current Assets)| = 1. 28%| 6,752 (Current Liabilities)| | | Vertical Analysis- 2005 %= 1,716 (Cash, and Cash Equivalent)| = 0. 054 or 5. 4%| 3,1727 (Total Assets)| | Vertical Analysis- 2004 %= 1,280 (Cash and Cash Equivalent)| = 0. 46 or 4. 6%| 27,987 (Total Assets)| | Horizontal Analysis- 2005 (10454 (total current assets 2005) / (8639 (total current assets 2004) = 1. 2101| Or 21%| Horizontal Analysis- 2004 (9404 (total current liabilities 2005) / (6752 (total current liabilities 2004) = 1. 393| Or 39%| These analysis show: that the PepsiCo has had an increase in assets by 21%, with an increase in liabilities of 39%. This is a result of the company obtaining more liabilities. | Calculations- Liabilities and Assets for Coca-Cola Co. based on their consolidated Balance Sheet 2005 Current Ratio= 10,250 (Current Assets)| = %| 9,836(Current Liabilities)| | 2004 Current Ratio= 12,281 (Current Assets)| = %| 11,133(Current Liabilities)| | Vertical Analysis- 2005 %= 4,701(Cash, and Cash Equivalent)| = 0. 1598 or | 29,427(Total Assets)| | Vertical Analysis- 2004 %= 6,707(Cash and Cash Equivalent)| =0. 133 | 31,441(Total Assets)| | Horizontal Analysis- 2005 (10250 (total current assets 2005) / (12,281 (total current assets 2004) = 0. 8835| Or 83. 5 %| Horizontal Analysis- 2004 (9,836(total current liabilities 2005) / (11,133(total current liabilities 2004) = | Or 88. 35%| | | These analysis show: that the Coca-Cola Co. have had a decrease in assets between of 83. 5%, and more of a decrease in liabilities of 88. 35% between the years 2004-2005.

Define Individualism And Explain Its Importance Within Liberal Ideology

The liberal ideology is formed on several ideologies. Individualism is considered one of the most crucial. It's involved in most liberal characteristics like freedom, the economy and the role of the state. But there is notable division between modern and classic liberalists as to what it focuses on with modern liberalists focusing on individuality and classics believe in utilitarianism and and social darwinism. However it is widely agreed that individualism is a key concept within liberal ideology.Firstly, to discuss the importance of individualism, it must be defined. Individualism is the social theory favouring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control. Essentially the belief that the individual is more important than the social group. This is then split further into methodological individualism where the individual is placed at the centre of political theory and ethical individualism where moral priority is given to the interests of the individual.One plac e where individualism plays a key role within liberalism is in the role of the state. This appears in the form of a constitutional government that liberal thinkers view as essential with two other aspects to guarantee individualism. The first is the separation of powers where capability would be disbanded between various parts of government in order to prevent a focused centre of power which would be able to destroy individual freedom. The second is a limited government, where the state is only given enough powers necessary to allow individuals to follow their own eccentric pursuits. Therefore it can be see individualism plays an important role in liberals ideology as liberal government is designed to protect this. John Locke sums this up as ‘the state that governs least is the state that governs best'.Another place where individualism is important within liberal ideology is with regard to the financial market. This became prominent through the thinkings of Ricardo and Smith ( writer of the wealth of nations). They believed that the individual should be enabled to act in their own interests  and this will therefore benefit society overall. This will in theory therefore promote freedom, well-being and prosperity. More recently, John Maynard Keynes put forward the requirement of demand management – that the government should inject money into the economy to ensure the individual can still act in their own interests.Individualism also plays a crucial part in the opinion of freedom within liberal ideology. It is not total freedom but freedom under the state and the rule of law. It warrants for people to develop their own abilities and ambitions. John Locke, a 17th century philosopher considered freedom of the individual to be a natural right.Modern liberals have moved away towards individuality, by suggesting life is about more than a selfish pursuit of ones own joys. John Stuart Mills expressed the desire of individuals to achieve self-realisation a nd autonomy, through ‘high' pleasures, which consist of intellectual and moral pursuits in comparison with ‘low' pleasures which are crude pleasures including activities such as promiscuity, drinking and gambling. This may suggest individualism has less of a role in modern liberalism because there's less focus on the simple pleasures that a classical liberalist would conform to.Classical liberals have an atomistic view of the individual, due to ideas such as Social Darwinism, that the hard-working and talented would survive and the lazy would fail. Spencer stressed this, and the importance of the individual responsibility. Utilitarianism is also a key concept within classical thinking on individualism, the idea that the proper course of action is the one that maximises utility. Bentham suggested this was key as individuals ought to be allowed to follow their own happiness. The focus and analysis of political theorists on what individualism should be shows its importance. To summarise, it is clear that individualism is greatly important in liberal ideology, particularly in the opinion of classical liberalists. In classical liberalism individualism takes a more pivotal role within most aspects of their ideals. However in modern liberalism individualism is slightly more subdued due to the state's larger role. Overall individualism can be seen to play an important role within liberalism as a whole.

The Single Persona of Ophelia and Gertrude

Zoe Alternate Ms. Herring AP English 5 November 2013 The Single Persona of Aphelia and Gertrude According to Shakespeare, Elisions did not require more than two women, let alone two unique women. On a larger scale, the society in which Shakespeare wrote agreed that most women were indistinguishable: women in general did not hold positions of prominence and did not demand recognition. In all of Shakespearean plays, a meager 126 female characters develop; of these, Aphelia and Gertrude play minor roles in Shakespearean Hamlet, having a mere 169 lines and 128 lines respectively.Being the only two females in the play, and with Shakespearean lack of knowledge that women could have varying personalities, Aphelia and Gertrude manage to possess many similar characteristics. In fact, they are so similar that one could argue, if convinced an Oedipus-complex exists, there is no need for two separate characters. Through their relationships and circumstances, interactions and dialogue, Shakespear e portrays Aphelia and Gertrude as parallel characters. Women during the Renaissance, and even women during any time period prior to the sass, were submissive and loyal.Aphelia and Gertrude are no exceptions to this stereotype; they passively listen and, without question, obey their superiors. As Alerter accuses Hamlet of false love, Aphelia agrees saying, â€Å"l shall the effect of this good lesson keep† (1. 3. 44). Soon afterward, Polonium demands that Aphelia avoid Hamlet, and Aphelia is obedient: â€Å"l shall obey, my lord† (1. 3. 136). Even in Alerter' questioning of Hamlet's feelings, Aphelia admits that, as a woman, she should not have her own thoughts: â€Å"l do not know, my lord, what I should think† (1. . 104). She repeats this degrading fact saying, â€Å"l think nothing, my lord† (3. . 107) when Hamlet asks what she thought he meant in mentioning a virgin's legs. In 2. 2 lines 110-113, as Polonium attempts to raise his popularity among the court, he reads a personal letter from Hamlet to Aphelia, while Aphelia, surely embarrassed, sits back with no argument. The same acquiescence lies within Queen Gertrude. In 2. 2 lines 19-26, Gertrude repeats, only more succinctly, what Claudia has already said, proving her lack of original thought.When Claudia orders her to leave the court, Gertrude says, â€Å"l shall obey you† (3. 1. 38), maintaining her proper wifely status. To please her new Cubans, Gertrude endeavors to placate Hamlet's mournful mind and persuade him to â€Å"let [his] eye look like a friend on Denmark† (1. 2. 69), so that the Danish citizens may think all is well with the new political structure. Just as Aphelia holds a willingness to bow to Alerter and Polonium, Gertrude yields to Claudia every time except once right before her demise, which will be subsequently analyzed further.They are both â€Å"made malleable by [their] sense of duty and by [their] nature as well† (Magnums 1). Regard less of their wrongful obedience to their respective superiors, both Aphelia ND Gertrude truly love Hamlet. The only two women in the play have a very intimate relationship with the protagonist, one being his mother and the other his love interest. The love is made certain when Hamlet, truthfully or not, retracts his previous affection toward Aphelia; yet, she still replies, â€Å"Indeed, my lord, you made me believe so† and â€Å"l was the more deceived† (3. . 118-122), revealing her broken heart. Gertrude love, whether her relationship with Hamlet includes an Oedipus-complex or not, proves sincere as she calls to Hamlet Just before her untimely death: â€Å"O my dear Hamlet! (5. 2. 312). Neither female character can stand to have the connection between their familial and friendly bonds amputated. Aphelia can see that Hamlet's madness has generated a break between her father's wishes and Hamlet's, and, distressed by the apparent severed bonds, pleads for help,  "Heavenly powers, restore him! † (3. 1 . 142).Gertrude, in the midst of a barrage of verbal accusations, strives to conserve the filial bond; she refers to Hamlet as â€Å"sweet Hamlet† (3. 4. 98) and, in an effort to stop his attack, says, â€Å"O Hamlet, thou hast cleft my heart in twain† (3. 4. 158). She needs his approval and therefore asks, â€Å"What shall I do? † (3. 4. 184). According to David Abnegation's interpretation, the priority of Aphelia and Gertrude is familial harmony, motivating their actions throughout the play. Nonetheless, due to their blind and steadfast allegiance, Aphelia and Gertrude cannot help but act treacherously against Hamlet despite their deep love for him.Consequently, when Polonium devises a scheme to unearth the backstops of Hamlet's madness, he commands Aphelia, â€Å"Walk you here†¦ ‘ Read on this book/ That show of such an exercise may color/ Your loneliness† (3. 1. 3-47). She immediately follows alo ng so that Hamlet may suppose her alone when he happens upon her. Of course, Hamlet the keen prince he is, senses her betrayal. When Hamlet asks the whereabouts of Polonium, Aphelia answers with a lie, â€Å"At home, my lord† (3. 1 . 132). Gertrude also refuses to take sides in the war between Claudia and Hamlet. She agrees to Polonium' ploy to spy on Hamlet by saying, â€Å"I'll warrant you.Fear me not† (3. 4. 7), allowing Polonium to take cover behind her curtains. Again, Hamlet discovers the betrayal, killing Polonium in the process. Shortly after, notwithstanding Hamlet's recent attack and her ostensible promise, Gertrude defends Claudia' throne cursing the â€Å"false Danish dogs† (4. 5. 108) when the Messenger reports that the crowd wants Alerter as king. Furthermore, Claudia deduces that Gertrude will concur with Hamlet's need to be shipped to England and includes her in his plot to rid Denmark of Hamlet: â€Å"Come, Gertrude, we'll call up our friends/ And let them know†¦ Hat we mean to do† (4. 1. 38-39). She does not contend. But Gertrude even now holds onto the love for her son and begs the crowd in the cemetery to be patient, â€Å"For love of God, forbear him† (5. . 259). After Hamlet and Alerter brawl in Aphelion's grave, the fickle Gertrude endeavors to convince the multitude that Hamlet's fit, even though Hamlet clearly mourns Aphelion's death, is in reality â€Å"mere madness† (5. 1. 271-275). Aphelia and Gertrude fluctuate between their alliance to Hamlet and to the court, and, in the throes, move with duplicity against Hamlet.These innumerable and sundry breaches of faith trigger Hamlet's abandonment of the goodness in humanity, especially womankind. The ones who should love him the most are the ones contributing to Hamlet's degrading mental state. Yet, being tender of heart and still submissive, both women â€Å"are forced into uncharacteristic vices,† unaware of their evil guides(Penning ton). Hamlet's hatred goes so far as to dub frailty a woman in 1. 2. Aphelia and Gertrude are made into products of a â€Å"stereotypic wanton sexuality' (Wellness 1).Hamlet displays his disgust toward the sexuality of women in saying, â€Å"The power of beauty will†¦ Transform/honesty from what it is to a bawd† (3. 1. 113-114). Hamlet denounces women as two-faced and promiscuous saying, â€Å"God has given you one face and you make yourselves another†¦ And make our wantonness your ignorance† (3. 1 . 143-146). His anger builds until he commences separate assaults on the two female characters. During his meeting with Aphelia, he spits several insults on her. Hamlet bids Aphelia, â€Å"Get thee to a nunnery' (3. 1 . 123).He additionally advises that if Aphelia must marry, she should â€Å"marry a fool, for wise men know well enough what monsters [she] makes of them† (3. 1 . 139-140). Later, in the course of his climactic talk with his mother, Hamlet ac cuses Gertrude of â€Å"such a deed/As from the body of contraction plucks/The very soul, and sweet religion makes/ A rhapsody of words† (3. 4. 46-49). Both women are much too delicate to take on Hamlet's harsh words, and they crumble in the presence of his disgust. A final correlation between Hamlet's female characters is their closing exits.As the plays only females decay, it is evident that a factor to their degeneration is their lack of independence. Neither woman ever speaks without being prior spoken to with the exception of 4. 5. Aphelion's reason finally collapses, and her songs spill out as if they were the liquid madness sloshing in her head. After Alerter Journeys to France and Aphelia agrees to avoid Hamlet in 1. , Aphelia remains without any confidant. She is â€Å"an isolated figure in a patriarchal world† (Magnums 1), even more so in the wake of her father's slaughter. Gertrude can relate.Claudia, her only confidant, has been forbidden by Hamlet, and her own son abhors her. These women retain little strength to act of their own will. Even their own deaths occur accidentally, the fault of fated chain reactions. Aphelia, in an effort to commit suicide, falls into a body of water and drowns. Her only attempt to do something for herself is pulverize, Shakespearean way of keeping femininity helpless. As Gertrude recounts Aphelion's passing, she mentions that in falling from the branch, Aphelia continues â€Å"snatches of old lauds/As one incapable of her own distress† (4. . 176-177). Perhaps Aphelia knows how to swim, but indeed does decide for herself to let the water take her. Comparably, Gertrude is killed by a poison meant for the protagonist. Perchance she knows what Claudia has planned; some of Gertrude last words are defiant against Claudia, potentially proving her want of death to come as soon as possible and her own decision to make that happen. Claudia weakly calls on Gertrude to replace Hamlet's poisoned drink; however , Gertrude replies, â€Å"l will, my lord, I pray you, pardon me† (5. 2. 287).Their deaths can be argued as accidental or premeditated; nevertheless, Gertrude and Aphelia maintain irrefutably passive qualities throughout the play, which are conducive to their individual endings. The Queen of Denmark and a fool's daughter, although endowed with separate names and kinsmen, possess stark and tangible similarities. Both temperaments are comprised of a complaint nature, unintentional treachery, a tender heart, and dependency. Aphelia and Gertrude can effortlessly be labeled parallel characters on count of Shakespearean alacrity to conform to societal views of women.

E-Marketing Review for Easy Jet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

E-Marketing Review for Easy Jet - Essay Example By the year 1999, the airline grew to be the fifth biggest airline in the US in context of the total number of domestic passengers it flied. Not only the airline grew in size but it also managed to be profitable for the entire period of thirty odd years when many well established large airlines like the USAir or the Continental were making losses. This established the fact that there is room for low cost no frills airlines like Southwest and if operated judiciously, the model could offer good revenue and profit. In Europe the initiator of low cost model of airlines was Ryanair, an Irish company, which incidentally when launched in 1985 was offering traditional airlines services but at a comparatively lower price. Though Raynair’s low prices pushed big competitors like British Airways to reduce their prices, yet Ryanair itself was unable to make any profit till 1991. But during this period the management gave a visit to Southwest’s Texas operations and came back decided to introduce the no frill low cost structure in their airline also. This resulted in profit in 1992 and since then Ryanair has become a marquee name in this industry. (Doganis R., 2006). In the year 1995 EasyJet was founded by Haji Ioannou based on the same philosophy of low cost and no frills, in footsteps of Ryanair and Southwest airlines. EasyJet has setup its base at Luton airport which is a secondary one, to cut operational costs and beat congestion and maximize turnaround time. The airline has been successful in implementing the low cost model and has become the 2nd largest airline in the low cost arena, just after its main competitor Ryanair in Europe (Rothwell S., October 2008). At the initial stages during 1995 EasyJet operated with two Boeing 737-200 aircrafts which were leased and contract pilots and other staff. Financials: EasyJet had revenue of  £1797.2 million in 2007 with corresponding profit of  £ 152.3 million. In 2008 EasyJet had much

Love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Love - Essay Example It can be used to define the compassion and affection which is shown to other human beings, animals, or oneself. Love for people, or interpersonal love, is the love that is formed between human beings who have a close relationship. One of the most prominent forms of this type of love is that which exists between different family members. Family, to most people, is one of the most valuable things in their lives, and this is because of the blood relationship which exists between the people within it. The family is the first place where an individual experiences an interaction with society, and because family tends to be the most constant part of a person’s life, then it is a definite fact that love will develop between the various members of the family. Love for family also creates a sense of extreme loyalty, and this is  because  blood ties cannot be easily broken. The love for friends is another part of interpersonal love, and this is to those people who are closest to an individual apart from the family. Friends tend to, not only, be the closest companions of an individual, but they are also some of this individual’s closest confidants. The love, which exists between friends, depends on how close their relationship is because while in some cases friendships last for an extraordinarily long time, in others, this tends not to be the case. The long term friendships always involve an immense deal of love between the people involved, and, in fact, these people can do anything for each other whenever there is any need for it. Another form of interpersonal love is that which exists between people in a relationship, that is, a boyfriend and a girlfriend, or a man and a wife. Such relationships tend to have a vast deal of love within them, and if this display of affection stops, then such relationships tend to fall apart ("The Definition of Love"). Love is, therefore, essential for the establishment of strong relationships, and these relationships can not last without it. Many people have a love for certain principles or goals which they profoundly value and are highly committed. Such activities are always extremely valuable to such individuals, and they involve an immense deal of dedication. With this dedication comes a love for this activity, with a person rarely missing the opportunity to take part in it. One of the activities which many people love and have a strong dedication for is soccer. Soccer is one of the biggest sports in the world with many fans who either watch it or play the game for fun. People bear a passionate love for this game and it is not strange to see people crying just because their team has lost a game (Tucker 1). There are others who are exceedingly fond of eating different types of food, and to deny them such would be the same as denying them an immensely crucial part of their lives. There are yet others, who bear a veritable love for their studies and their careers, and these often love what they do, not only for their own sake, but also for the sake of how their work affects society. Those with careers at aid organizations love their jobs because of the satisfaction they get when they help people in need. The other form of love is abstract love, and this involves the feeling of affection for certain concepts or ideas. Abstract love may involve a love for religion, and in many parts of the world, religion tends to be a part and parcel of a person’

High Budget Deficit and the Growth Rate of the Economy Essay

High Budget Deficit and the Growth Rate of the Economy - Essay Example The nation with high private saving will offset the moderate deficit financing in a much better way to provide for investment capital necessary for the growth of economy. Thus, for future economic growth national savings matter highly. National saving is the measure of the accumulation of financial and other real assets overtime. Future national income will largely depend upon this accumulated stock of assets. Unfortunately, deficit financing coupled with nil or negative private saving has made the national saving negative. In this perspective, deficit financing on a sustained basis cannot help US economy. Higher Interest Rates Macguineas (2011) argues that ever increasing deficit financing will exert upward pressure on interest rates thereby increasing the cost of capital. Budgetary deficits are financed through government borrowings. When government borrowings rise to a high level, the government may have to offer increased interest rates so that sufficient buyers are attracted to buy government debt. Obviously, higher interest rates will tend to retard the economic growth rate. Higher Borrowing Leads to Higher Interest Payments Increasing borrowings year after year will necessitate higher spending on debt-interest. Higher interest burden eats away the productive deployment of the capital necessary for the economic growth. As a result, the needy sectors such as education, health starve of the funds that are necessary to provide impetus to the economy. Defense Spending and Budgetary Deficit Korb et al. (2011) of the center for American Progress (CAP) argue that defense spending has created the current fiscal crisis. The experts from the CAP believe that the massive deficit is the result of increasing defense budget during 2004 through 2012. It...This essay offers a comprehensive review of the effects, that the high levels of budget deficit exercise on the economic development of the country, using the example of the US. In 2011, it was the third straight year when the gap between American government's income and spending remained negative to the tune of $1 trillion or above. In percentage terms, the deficit is hovering at around 10 percent of gross domestic product in last two years. This was causing serious concerns at several quarters on soaring national debt. The national saving rate is important for future economic growth and budgetary deficit has a direct bearing on national saving rate. Since last many years private saving is meager in the US and in last couple of years it has gone even negative. With such a low/negative saving, it is difficult to obtain economic growth and US productivity at desired rate. Ever increasing deficit financing will exert upward pressure on interest rates thereby increasing the cost of capital. Budgetary deficits are financed through government borrowings. When government borrowings rise to a high level, the government may have to offer increased interest rates so that sufficient buyers are attracted to buy government debt. Higher interest rates retards the economic growth rate. It can be concluded that when the government incurs debt, it is important to know what government does with that money. If the money are deployed for productive purposes, it can certainly help the economy of the present as well as future generations.