Infringement of the Canadian Charter - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1477 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Case: R. V. Mann, 2004 SCC 52, [2004] 3 S.C.R. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Infringement of the Canadian Charter" essay for you Create order 59 In our country, everyone is protected under the law. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees certain political rights to citizens as well as civil rights of everyone who resides in Canada. However, in some cases where law enforcement or other government agencies carry out their duties, the civil rights of a person may be infringed. Section 24 of the Charter of rights and freedoms protects residents of Canada from being violated of their civil rights. Any evidences or arrests made while oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s civil right is infringed or denied, will be neglected in any court trials. An example of this is clearly shown in the case of Regina Vs Mann 2004. The breakdown of the case is as follows: On December 23, 2000, a police dispatcher notifies that a break and enter is in progress in a district near downtown Winnipeg, MB. Two police officers respond to this dispatch around midnight. The dispatcher informs the officers that the suspect is known to be à ¢Ã¢â€ š ¬Ã…“Zachary Parisienneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  a 21 year old aboriginal male, five feet eight, 165 pounds and is wearing a black jacket with white sleeves. However, when the officers arrive near the scene, they find a person walking casually along the side walk who matched the description of the suspect. They identify the man to be Philip Mann, who agrees a pat down search of any concealed weapons. During the search, one of the officers feels that there is something in Philip Mannà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s kangaroo pouch pocket in the front. The officer proceeded to reach into the pocket to find a plastic bag containing 27.55 grams of marijuana. In his other pockets were small plastic baggies and two valium pills. Philip Mann was arrested for the offence of possession of marijuana for the purpose of trafficking under Section 5(2) of the Controlled Drugs and substances Act. After the arrest, Mann appealed his case. The reason of the appeal was that the search on him was unlawful. His argument was that the police who have detained and searched him had no legal rights to search his body. According to the Charter of Rights and Freedom Section 9, everyone has the right not to be arbitrarily detained or imprisoned. In the case of Philip Mann, however, the detention was justified. A police officer may arrest or detain without warrant when they have reasonable grounds to believe that a person has committed an indictable offence According to section 495 of the Criminal Code. Prior to the detention of Mann, the police officers were provided with the description of the suspect for the break and entering and since Philip Mann matched the description of the suspect, police officers had a reasonable ground to stop and conduct an investigative detention. Everything was very clear and lawful until this point. Mann was compliant towards the officers and allowed a pat down search. Unlike the search procedure incident to arrest where police officers are authorized to search a person f or weapons, evidence and means of escape, a pat down search is only used as a protective measure; to remove any weapons that may harm the officers. Police officers are only authorized to roughly check if the detainee has a weapon, they cannot go through their pockets or belongings. Unless the officer who reached into Mannà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s pocket had a reasonable ground that what he felt in Mannà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s pocket during the pat down was a weapon, he must not search his pocket. For example, a police officer detains a suspect that matches the description for an armed robbery suspect. The officer may perform a pat down check on the suspect to ensure the safety of themselves as well as people around them. However, unless the officer can identify that some object that the suspect has underneath their clothing is a weapon, they may ask what it is but not reach into the suspectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s clothing and grab it out as the search is not the result of an arrest. During t he appeal of this case, the Court found that the detention was on reasonable grounds. The two officers had reasonable grounds via suspect description that matched Mann. However, the judge confirmed that the search went beyond of a minor security pat down and thus causing a serious breach on Mannà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s civil rights against unreasonable search. When the officer reached into Mannà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s pocket, at that moment the focus of the search changed from a security search to evidence search in which the officers lacked reasonable ground on. This completely violated section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and freedoms. The Court added that even if the officer acted in good faith, it cannot be claimed if there is a violation of the Charter. As mentioned above, if the right of an individual is infringed in any way during an arrest or a detainment (section 24 Charter of rights), any evidence that are found must be neglected on trial. In other words, the 27 grams of mari juana and other pills found cannot be used against Mann, rendering the charge of possession for the purpose of trafficking useless. In my opinion, the police officers who has responded to the dispatch of a break and enter should have responded differently. It is very true that Mann matched the initial description of the suspect of the dispatch; however, the dispatcher gave the name and age of the real suspect in the first place. Upon establishing identity with Mann, the police officers should have realized that Mann was not the person they were looking for. The officers should have warned Mann of the incident and allowed him to leave. Upon reading about this case law, I asked myself what would I have done if I was the arresting officer to avoid the arguments this case brought up? Well, I am very strict when it comes to rules especially when it comes to our civil rights. As an officer, I would first establish the identity of the suspect. When the identity is established, I woul d ask the following questions to myself. What is my authority on detaining this person? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" I have reasonable grounds to believe this is the suspect of a Break and enter as he matches the description of the suspect although name is not the same. What is my search authority of this person? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Since I have detained this suspect, I have the authority to pat him down for the safety of myself and my partner. I found a soft object in the suspectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s pocket. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" This suspect is not under arrest. I may not collect evidence through going into his pocket meaning I do not have authority to search. Ask what is in the pocket à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Suspect says marijuana, then great I have reasonable grounds to search and arrest. If he says none of your business, then I would simply back off, knowing that I do not have the authority to search. Thank you for your time, walk away, proceed with the pervious dispatch and attend the site of break in. This way, I can completely avoid the argument raised in the case. However, this was for the price of letting go of a potential drug dealer. But, I believe that the police officers got distracted by this minor possession offence (I say minor since I think an ounce of marijuana is not very big in quantity) that they completely neglected the break and enter offence. At the time of the arrest of Mann, the real suspect for the break and enter may have caused serious harm in property or even to another person. The reason why I have choose this topic of Charter of rights and freedoms infringement is because there are many unreasonable search and arrest that are made by our police services and I wanted to learn more about them. Many people with little education do not know their rights when stopped by an officer which can be easily taken advantage of. As the defender of our law, police officers must dedicate themselves in being familiar with their authorities for arrest and search. Furt hermore, as aspiring police officers ourselves, we must also know these authorities in order to be credible servants of the law. Through this assignment, I was able to look in-depth of the search authorities of a police officer. This allowed me a greater understanding of the procedures to take during an arrest through the use of a case law. References Greenspan, E., Martin, J. C. (2014). Martins annual criminal code. S.l.: Canada Law Book Ltd.. Lafreniere, G. (n.d.). Police powers and Drug related offences. Parliament of Canada. Retrieved March 02, 2015, from https://www.parl.gc.ca/content/sen/committee/371/ille/library/powers-e.htm#A. Powers to Conduct Searches R. V. Mann, 2004 SCC 52, [2004] 3 S.C.R. 59 Sharpe, R. J., Roach, K. (2002). The Charter of Rights and Freedoms (2nd ed.). Toronto: Irwin Law.

Companion Dogs, Making a Difference - 1108 Words

For a number of children with autism having a companion dog is the difference between life and death. Methodically trained guide dogs help create an environment where autistic children are comfortable enough to live a more ordinary lifestyle. Autism spectrum disorder is a major public health problem that is the most common neurological disorder affecting 1 out of every 110 births in the US (Autism Society, 2009). ASDs can range in severity from Asperger Syndrome, a high-functioning form of autism where the child can function relatively well in society, to autistic disorder or classical ASD, which severely inhibits the child’s ability to socialize or communicate (NINDS). Autism manifests itself most strikingly as impairments in formation of†¦show more content†¦Service dogs also help their children sleep at night by helping reduce the chance of sleepwalking and nightmares. With the dog by the child’s side, the remainder of the family has an opportunity to get ad equate sleep. Having a companion dog, usually either a Golden retriever or Labrador retriever, due to their size and gentle nature, is vastly different from simply having a pet. Service dogs go through extensive training, usually six to eighteen months, before being placed with a child and continue training after being placed in the home. The key is to evaluate the situation as carefully as possible, keeping expectations realistic and conditions flexible. A companion animal is the most rewarding when the whole family is willing to adapt and take on the responsibilities; thus increasing the quality of life substantially. Companion dogs help develop the child’s daily tasks, improving psychological aspects too. These pups help the child learn how to bond by creating a more playful mood and teaching the child how to focus. They help allow these children to come out of their shells and be themselves. They help the child get motivated in the morning to begin their day and stay on task. 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For example, in Gary Kowalski’s 1991 book ‘The Soul of Animals’ it argues that animals understand death and have been known to grieve at the loss of a companion, have their own sense of morality, possess some sign of right and wrong and even have their own musical abilities along with creativity and playfulness (Kowlaski 1991). With the idea of simplicity in mind, it would be difficult to explain all of

During The 1970s, Health Concerns About The Herbicides Brought About G Essay Example For Students

During The 1970s, Health Concerns About The Herbicides Brought About G Essay overnment restrictions that caused a sharp decrease in the manufacture and use of 2,4,5-T. Since 1983, the use of 2,4,5-T has been prohibited in the United States. Many other countries also have ended its use. Of additional concern is a contaminant called dioxin (2,3,7,8,-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, or TCDD), which often forms when 2,4,5-t is manufactured. Of the approximately 75 chemicals in the dioxin family, TCDD is the most toxic. It can cause chlorance, a skin disease, and is suspected to cause some kinds of cancer. The TCDD level in agent orange varied from 0.02 to 54 micrograms per gram of 2,4,5-T. (Cancer 1996)Agent Orange was purchases by the Defense Department to defoliate enemy territory and destroy enemy crops in Vietnam. It was a 50-50 mixture of herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. All of the 2,4,5-T contained dioxin because all of it was made for trichlorophenol cannot be produced without some dioxin being carried along as a by-product.(Gough 1986)There are three occupational groups of people, who may be at risk in exposure to Agent Orange. Who work in manufacturing trichclorophenol can be expressed to dioxin through ?explosions? or ?runaway reactions? or ?events.? When an explosions occurs, the chemicals in the reaction vessels are forced into the workrooms, exposing everyone to fumes, liquids and solid particles containing dioxin. ?Formulators? are workers whose job it is to mix pesticides with other chemicals to make the pesticide easier to apply or ?Stickier? so that it will work better. Agent Orange formulators mixed 2,4,5-T containing dioxin with the other closely related herbicide 2,4-D. The last occupational group to risk exposure to dioxin are ?applicators? who spray to otherwise disseminate Agent Orange, 2,4,5-T or other dioxin contaminated pesticides in the environment. In this country, applicators sprayed 2,4,5-T in forests, croplands, and pastures to control broad-leaf plants. The most famous applicators in history are pilots, air crews, and ground crews of the Air Forces ?Operation Rich Hand? who sprayed millions of pounds of Agent Orange in Vietnam.(Gough 1986)People can also be environmentally exposed to dioxin. Anyone who is near an area sprayed with 2,4,5-T or Agent Orange, risks exposure to dioxin. Environmentally exposed persons received large doses of dioxin. A large but unknown fraction of the 2.8 million Vietnam veterans were exposed to Agent Orange, and considering the amounts of 2,4,5-T used in this country, other thousands or millions have to be exposed here. (Gough 1986)Some environmental exposures are more risky than incidental exposure to sprayings. When trichlorophenol is produced, ?still bottoms,? thick viscous dioxin containing materials, accumulate in the reaction vessels. Periodic cleaning out of still bottoms exposes workers to high concentration of dioxin. In addition, still bottoms themselves present a disposal problem.(Gough 1986)High-temperature incineration of still bottoms or any other waste can completely destroy dioxin, eliminating any risk, but other disposal techniques leave substantial exposure risks. Before society became aware that chemical waste posed potential threats to human health, it was an accepted practice to discard chemical residues, including still bottoms, in waste dumps. Neither the safe disposal method, incineration, nor the unsafe one, dumping, generates any revenue for the company that has still bottoms to dispose of, on the contrary, both cost money. (Gough 1986)An alternative to a manufacturer directly disposing of its wastes was to pay other businesses to haul them off and dispose of them. Sinclair Lewis said of all the Chicago stockyards that they sell everything of the pig but the squeal, and business has to look for sealable items and services. With entrepreneurial spirit, some haulers found a market for still bottoms, which are dense and oily. .ucfa7131208fefeff27650cc7e898b112 , .ucfa7131208fefeff27650cc7e898b112 .postImageUrl , .ucfa7131208fefeff27650cc7e898b112 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucfa7131208fefeff27650cc7e898b112 , .ucfa7131208fefeff27650cc7e898b112:hover , .ucfa7131208fefeff27650cc7e898b112:visited , .ucfa7131208fefeff27650cc7e898b112:active { border:0!important; } .ucfa7131208fefeff27650cc7e898b112 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucfa7131208fefeff27650cc7e898b112 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucfa7131208fefeff27650cc7e898b112:active , .ucfa7131208fefeff27650cc7e898b112:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucfa7131208fefeff27650cc7e898b112 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucfa7131208fefeff27650cc7e898b112 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucfa7131208fefeff27650cc7e898b112 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucfa7131208fefeff27650cc7e898b112 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucfa7131208fefeff27650cc7e898b112:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucfa7131208fefeff27650cc7e898b112 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucfa7131208fefeff27650cc7e898b112 .ucfa7131208fefeff27650cc7e898b112-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucfa7131208fefeff27650cc7e898b112:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Windows 3.0 Essay When mixed with other oily materials, still bottoms were sold and sprayed on dirt roads and the unpaved, ungrassed areas to suppress dust. This inventive manufacture for still bottoms introduced untold amounts of dioxin into the environment. (Gough 1986)The environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that 80-90% of all dioxin ever made in chemical plants ended up in still bottoms. The EPA refuses to estimate the amount of dioxin that was made by manufacturers and provides no information about how much dioxin was in still bottoms or how much of the still bottoms was disposed of by incineration or dumping or used in dust suppression. We do know, however, that still bottoms have wrought havoc. To eliminate exposure to dioxin, the federal government bought Times Beach, Missouri, because the chemical had been sprayed on roads throughout the town as part of a dust suppression program. The Canadian government estimates that over 100 pounds of dioxin lie buried in the Love Canal and more that two tons in Hyde Park Dump near Niagara Falls, New York. No one can deny that these are huge amounts; they can be compared to the total of 368 pounds of dioxin sprayed in Vietnam over a six year period. Unfortunately, we cannot estimate the magnitude of the remaining dioxin waste problem, because there is no record of the amounts of dioxin sprayed for dust suppression or buried in every dump. (Gough 1986)Three problems plague efforts to understand dioxins risk for humans: uncertainty about what dioxin does to human health, uncertainty about who was exposed to dioxin, uncertainty about how much of it anyone was exposed to. Were a person to be standing under an airplane, or beside a truck spraying 2,4,5-T or Agent Orange, he or she would certainly be exposed. Since sunlight degrades dioxin, a person walking through a field the day after it was sprayed, would not be in a substantial risk. (Gough 1986)Farmers, forestry workers, and Vietnam veterans exposed to chlorophenoxy herbicides have been studied to see whether they had a higher incidence of cancer than would be expected. The results of these studies have been conflicting and inconclusive. In 1984, Congress mandated that studies be conducted to determine whether service in Vietnam could be related to adverse health effects. In one study, focused specifically on the health effects f exposure to Agent Orange in Vietnam; and a third study looked at the increased risk, if any, the Vietnam veterans would develop any six specific kinds of cancer. In March 1990, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released the results of the last of its studies. The investigators reported a 50-percent higher incidence of non-Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL), a cancer of the immune system among the Vietnam veterans than among veterans who did not serve in Vietnam. However, the studies could not show that this increased incidence is related to exposure to Agent Orange. Navy veterans who served on vessels off the coast of Vietnam tended to have a higher rate of NHL than did veterans based on land, and veterans who served in other regions of Heaviest Agent Orange use tended to have a somewhat lower incidence than veterans had an increased incidence than veterans who served in other regions of Vietnam. The CDC could not determine why the Navy veterans had an increased incidence of NHL. No increased incidence was found for the other five cancers in the study( soft tissue and other sarcomas, Hodgkins disease, and nasal, nasopharyngeal, and liver cancers.

Spiderwebs Essay Research Paper SpiderwebsA spider becomes free essay sample

Spiderwebs Essay, Research Paper Spiderwebs A spider becomes caught in it? s ain web. This is an illustration of an attempted use that went amiss. Hedda Gabler, by Henrik Ibsen, is a work about a adult female who manipulates the destinies of others in order to carry through her ain wants. The rubric character is a adult female who has late returned from a six month? honeymoon? with her groom, Tesman, a adult male whom she does non love. She strives for freedom, but she feels as if she can non go forth her matrimony. To busy her clip, she manipulates the lives of everyone around her. Hedda kills herself after going engorged in her ain uses. Through the usage of subject, scene, and then-current personal businesss, the drama produces a work that unambiguously portrays the beginnings of the motives of this manipulative adult female. Whether it be the combustion of her former love? s manuscript or providing him with the handgun to hit himself, Hedda? s indignity shows the ability of adult male to hold entire neglect for the life of another. We will write a custom essay sample on Spiderwebs Essay Research Paper SpiderwebsA spider becomes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hedda in cold blood manipulates the lives of everyone around her. Through these exploitative actions, she ruins the lives of all of her co-workers. Because she is non happy in her matrimony, she attempts to prohibit anyone else to populate a content life. For illustration, after she persuades Eljert L # 246 ; vborg to devour intoxicant, he ruins his repute and loses something that is most cherished to him: the manuscript of a book that he had been composing with Mrs. Elvsted. Although Hedda realizes the importance of this manuscript to both L # 246 ; vborg and Mrs. Elvsted, she lights it on fire and it burns. Because L # 246 ; vborg and Mrs. Elvsted have put their psyche into this manuscript, Hedda metaphorically relates her action to firing their kid. This cold inconsideration demonstrates Hedda? s neglect for the life of a fellow human being. Hedda? s actions finally lead to her death. After giving L # 246 ; vborg her handgun and stating that he must kill himself, Hedda? s cruel purposes are eventually revealed. Judge Brack learns of her traffics and, therefore, additions an chance to take advantage of this state of affairs. When Hedda realizes that she will ever be at the clemency of Judge Brack, she does the merely thing she can make to get away this state of affairs ; she shoots herself. Throughout her uses, Hedda maintains a fa # 231 ; fruit drink of artlessness. Her truly hateful nature, though, is displayed through her actions that relate this subject of adult male? s inhumaneness to adult male. One may be able to find Thursday vitamin E cause for Hedda? s desire to pull strings when the scene is examined. The whole of the drama occurs indoors. Therefore, Hedda is invariably submerged in a topographic point in which she is unhappy. Because her hubby Tesman is invariably occupied with other occurrences, Hedda is left in a scene that lends itself to programs of use. Hedda? s true dreams and aspirations are those of freedom and independency. Her scene nevertheless, is an opposite to her favour. While Hedda maintains a desire to be free to make as she pleases, her state of affairs is one in which she is confined in her place. Because she invariably remains in this humdrum scene, she occupies her clip with intriguing against everyone around her. This is possibly the principal cause for Hedda? s uses. In add-on to the scene, the clip period in which Hedda Gabler was written is key to the background of Hedda? s uses. The late 19th century was a clip for alteration for the adult females of the universe. The adult females? s right to vote motion brought Forth the construct of the importance adult female? s rights. I am certain many would see this drama as being a womens rightist drama, Hedda Gabler investigates the effects of inordinate feminism. Hedda Gabler is portrayed as an highly strong-minded adult female. During the times in which this drama is set, legion adult females? s rights and right to vote motions were happening across the universe. It can be seen that Hedda? s reasonably aggressive attitude is feature of the clip period. To Hedda, it is absurd that she would hold to be under the power of a adult male. At this clip adult females across the universe were following new thoughts on their topographic point in society. The ambiance of the epoch provides an account of the beginning of Hedda? s uses. The three facets that explain Hedda? s motives for use shed much visible radiation on Hedda? s overall desire for use. Truthfully, Hedda desires to pull strings the lives of others because she can non pull strings her ain life. She does non desire to remain in her matrimony, but she lacks the bravery to acquire out of it. Because of the times and her state of affairs, she feels that she can non go forth her hubby. It seems as if these uses are a ill signifier of amusement for Hedda. One could see this drama as a strictly feminist work or as the narrative of a adult female who has no respect for human life. In either manner in which it is regarded, Ibsen realistically portrays the motives of Hedda Gabler through his usage of subject, scene, and current events.

The Chemical Composition of Air

The Chemical Composition of Air Nearly all of the Earths atmosphere is made up of only five gases: nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, argon, and carbon dioxide. Several other compounds are also present. Although this CRC table does not list water vapor, air can contain as much as 5% water vapor, more commonly ranging from 1-3%. The 1-5% range places water vapor as the third most common gas (which alters the other percentages accordingly). Below is the composition of air in percent by volume, at sea level at 15 C and 101325 Pa. Nitrogen N2 78.084%Oxygen O2 20.9476%Argon Ar 0.934%Carbon Dioxide CO2 0.0314%Neon Ne 0.001818%Methane CH4 0.0002%Helium He 0.000524%Krypton Kr 0.000114%Hydrogen H2 0.00005%Xenon Xe 0.0000087%Ozone O3 0.000007%Nitrogen Dioxide NO2 0.000002%Iodine I2 0.000001%Carbon Monoxide CO traceAmmonia NH3 trace Reference CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, edited by David R. Lide, 1997.

Benefits of Participating in High School Debate

Benefits of Participating in High School Debate In schools across the world, debate teams are valued for training students in public speaking, grace under pressure, and critical thinking. Student debaters have several advantages, whether they choose to join debate teams on campus or if they debate as members of a political club. Debating provides practice in developing sound and logical arguments.Debate gives students an opportunity to practice speaking in front of an audience and thinking on their feet.Students participating in debate show initiative and leadership.The research debaters perform expands their minds and increases their understanding of multiple sides of important issues.Students hone their research skills in preparing for debates. What Is a Debate? Essentially, a debate is an argument with rules. Debating rules vary from one competition to another, and there are several possible debate formats. Debates can involve single-member teams or teams that include several students. In a standard debate, two teams are presented  with a resolution or topic, and each team has a set period of time to prepare an argument. Students typically dont know their debate subjects ahead of time. However, participants are encouraged to read about current events and controversial issues to prepare for debates. This can give teams special strengths in certain topic areas. The goal is to come up with a good argument in a short amount of time. At a debate, one team argues in favor (pro) and the other argues in opposition (con). In some debate formats, each team member speaks, and in others, the team selects one member to speak for the entire team. A judge or a panel of judges assigns points based on the strength of the arguments and the professionalism of the teams. One team is usually declared the winner, and that team advances to a new round. A school team can compete in local, regional, and national tournaments. A typical debate format includes: Teams are advised of the topic and take positions (pro and con).Teams discuss their topics and come up with statements expressing their position.Teams deliver their statements and offer the main points.Teams discuss the oppositions argument and come up with rebuttals.Teams deliver their rebuttals.Teams make their closing statements. Each of these sessions is timed. For instance, teams may have only three minutes to come up with their rebuttal. Interested students without a team at their school can look into starting a debate team or club. Many colleges also offer summer programs that teach debating skills. Lessons Learned Through Debate Knowing how to synthesize information and deliver it to an audience succinctly- even an audience of one- is a skill that benefits people throughout their lives. Debate skills can come in handy when interviewing for jobs, networking for career advancement, conducting meetings, and giving presentations. These soft skills can help in most careers because debate students learn the art of persuasion. Outside of the working world, having good communication skills is useful in activities as ordinary as meeting new people or as special as making a wedding toast in front of a crowd, as debate helps people learn composure and confidence when speaking with others.

Human Trafficking in Thailand Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Human Trafficking in Thailand - Research Paper Example This essay explores several cases in which human trafficking takes place. Some of the cases are whereby people are convinced into going to other countries with the promise of getting better jobs and comfortable lives. Mostly, it always turns out to be untrue. This context discusses hundreds of workers from Thailand being promised high wages by the California based company named Global Horizons Inc and instead of paying them little to nothing while treating them like scum, taking their passports on arrival and threatening deportation. Human trafficking is one of the most dangerous forms of discrimination. Thailand experiences major challenges as a source, passage and destination country on human trafficking mainly women and children. The tendency of trafficking for enforced labor is rising in level in the agricultural, construction and fishing organizations. Human trafficking is a modern correspondent of slavery. Opposing their will, thousands of people around the globe are enforced t o work for the benefit of other people. For instance, by becoming beggars, prostitutes, working in sweatshops, unintentional servitude or even turning into child soldiers. People that are trafficked are usually enslaved or in circumstances of debt oppression that are deceitful and oppressive. Traffickers will carry away or mistreat the fundamental human rights of their victims, who most possibly have been tricked and enticed by fake promises or physically enforced into their circumstances. Trafficking is a regular practice to convince people to leave their homes and move to neighboring countries that are wealthier where they can work in services like domestic services, adult care or waiter and waitresses in restaurants. Upon advent, their passports, visa, and return permits are taken away from them, efficiently; these people are imprisoned, either bodily or financially or psychologically. The trafficked people are made to labor as household slaves or as agricultural or industrial un it workers, in slave-like circumstances.

A Journal Review of the American Historical Review Assignment

A Journal Review of the American Historical Review - Assignment Example Since the mid 1995, the journal has had many publications handling issues of global concern. The issues handled depict many developments in different fields. The journals explore the fields of commerce, science, numbers, history and even religion. The journal has had many developments, issues and diversities concerning the occurrences in the world. In February1995, the American review journal handled issues on race, discrimination and racism in the US. Race is an exceedingly sensitive issue that affects many people around the globe. In the US, racism was one of the issues affecting the US. Racism is inequitable treatment directed to people with prejudice on the coloration of their skin. The journal was trying to sensitize the US about the need for treating all people equally. Therefore, the journal served as a revelation to the citizens of the US. In April the 1995, the journal further explored on the issues of gender in Gilberto. It explained that gender did not have to be a basis f or people to treat people with favor. This is because no person chose his gender. During the month of August the 1995, the journal publicized issues on democracy. It explained that all persons and states had the right to democracy .This meant that they could act without fear of intimidation by any person. During the same month, the publication handled the issue of Equality. It insisted that all persons ought to endure fair treatment regardless of their color and origin. As time went by, more publications talking about diverse topics hit the headlines. The publication of February the 1996, spoke about the topic of literature. The publication gave a detailed analysis of literature by explaining about the origin of literature. The origin explained about the history facing the world of literature. The fact that the journal could handle different topics revealed the developments evident in the journal. The journal has developments in handling different matters apart from the ones in its first years of publication. These developments show that the journal keeps abreast with emerging issues in the world. This is meant to show that the world is dynamic and that the issues posted in the American Journal keep changing. Still on the year 1996, the American journal review talked about the reason as to why the Indians were red. This topic touched on the topic of mythology and delusions. The journal criticized the idea that the world was full of misconceptions and that many people were living on a lie. The journal insisted that the Americans were in another century where myths and misconceptions were unheard of. Other topics discussed there after included such things as the issue of missionaries. This was during the 1997 when many missionaries spread across the globe in order to spread the gospel. The missionaries were said to be people who had different objectives. One of the objectives was that they wanted to instill western culture to the people living in the regions tha t they visited. The American review journal discussed the topic of missionary activities with a lot of intensity. The journal also explained that missionaries explored different countries with the aim of paving way for the colonizers. This is because the missionaries brought many developments in the areas that they went to carry out their work. The American review journal of the August 1997 dealt with the issue of imperialism. Imperialism referred to the activities of acquiring territories around the globe.

Educational Technology Essay Example for Free

Educational Technology Essay Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using and managing appropriate technological processes and resources. The term educational technology is often associated with, and encompasses, instructional theory and learning theory. While instructional technology is the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and resources for learning, according to the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) Definitions and Terminology Committee,educational technology includes other systems used in the process of developing human capability. Educational technology includes, but is not limited to, software, hardware, as well as Internet applications, such as wikis and blogs, and activities. But there is still debate on what these terms mean.[3] Technology of education is most simply and comfortably defined as an array of tools that might prove helpful in advancing student learning and may be measured in how and why individuals behave. Educational Technology relies on a broad definition of the word technology. Technology can refer to material objects of use to humanity, such as machines or hardware, but it can also encompass broader themes, including systems, methods of organization, and techniques. Some modern tools include but are not limited to overhead projectors, laptop computers, and calculators. Newer tools such as smartphones and games (both online and offline) are beginning to draw serious attention for their learning potential. Media psychology is the field of study that applies theories in human behavior to educational technology. Consider the Handbook of Human Performance Technology. The word technology for the sister fields of Educational and Human Performance Technology means applied science. In other words, any valid and reliable process or procedure that is derived from basic research using the scientific method is considered a technology. Educational or Human Performance Technology may be based purely on algorithmic or heuristic processes, but neither necessarily implies physical technology. The word technology comes from the Greek techne which means craft or art. Another word, technique, with the same origin, also may be used when considering the field Educational Technology. So Educational Technology may be extended to include the techniques of the educator. A classic example of an Educational Psychology text is Blooms 1956 book, Taxonomy of Educational Objectives.Blooms Taxonomy is helpful when designing learning activities to keep in mind what is expected of—and what are the learning goals for—learners. However, Blooms work does not explicitly deal with educational technology per se and is more concerned with pedagogical strategies. According to some, an Educational Technologist is someone who transforms basic educational and psychological research into an evidence-based applied science (or a technology) of learning or instruction. Educational Technologists typically have a graduate degree (Masters, Doctorate, Ph.D., or D.Phil.) in a field related to educational psychology, educational media, experimental psychology, cognitive psychology or, more purely, in the fields of Educational, Instructional or Human Performance Technology orInstructional Systems Design. But few of those listed below as theorists would ever use the term educational technologist as a term to describe themselves, preferring terms such as educator.The transformation of educational technology from a cottage industry to a profession is discussed by Shurville, Browne, and Whitaker. Definition of terms Evaluation is a systematic determination of a subjects merit, worth and significance, using criteria governed by a set of standards. It can assist an organization to assess any aim, realizable concept or proposal, or any alternative, to help in decision-making; or to ascertain the degree of achievement or value in regard to the aim and objectives and results of any such action that has been completed. Technology is the making, modification, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems, methods of organization, in order to solve a problem, improve a preexisting solution to a problem, achieve a goal, handle an applied input/output relation or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, modifications, arrangements and procedures. Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. Educational technology is the use of technology to improve teaching and learning. the treatment of the process by which people learn, as a systematic process based on objectives, with strategies and systems to achieve them; a set of expensive tools sold to schools purporting to improve learning but not actually proven to do so information and communication technology (ICT), is often used as an extended synonym for information technology (IT), but is a more specific term that stresses the role of unified communications[1] and the integration oftelecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals), computers as well as necessaryenterprise software, middleware, storage, and audio-visual systems, which enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information. Classifications of Educational Technology When we hear the word technology today, we would immediately think of the mediated instructional materials particularly those, which are computer-based. But technology also includes the indigenous materials which have been used in the past and which have been proven as reliable. They have proven their worth especially to the teachers in the early days. According to the Equilibrium Theory of Education, the schools which are supposed to transmit accumulated knowledge and skills to students, that students are given balance of the old and new learning so that they will not lose track of the finest pedagogical culture which have been developed and accumulated all through the years. The classification of Educational Technology is divided into two which is the following: * Material Technology Material Technology is divided by two which is the lo-tech paper technology and the hi-tech mediated technology Lo-tech paper technology * It is also called traditional instructional materials; these are indigenous materials usually real objects or those that are made of paper and cardboards. They are still here to stay because not all schools are equipped with technology tools and not all teachers are ready to embrace modern technology. Hi-tech mediated technology * Often called as the mediated technology, it includes those, which are presented using media equipment or hardware. The most persuasive modern technology for teaching and learning in these contemporary times is the computer and its various applications. In fact all educational efforts are being geared toward its used. Its effectiveness in teaching and learning has been widely recognized. * Non-Material Technology This includes theories, laws, principles, methods and strategies of teaching. They evolved results of researches and studies in order to facilitate teaching and learning. Applications of Educational Technology A proper application of educational technology can result to improved sensation and perception that will lead to quality learning. Educational technology transcends geographical barriers, expose students to experiences beyond classroom, disseminate instruction across large areas and make education more accessible to more people. If Educational Technology is properly selected and used the students can do the following: * Arouse and sustain the interest and attention of the students. * Concretize concepts and ideas to promote meaningful learning. * Make learning more permanent by providing rich experiences. * Provide self-activities for independent learning. * Increase one’s vocabulary by eliminating verbalism * Promote continuity of thought * Increase the quality of learning while decreasing the time spent * Check student’s preparedness * Make learning more interactive * Choosing and applying educational technology . Evaluation in Educational Technology As education systems, in particular Technology Education, adapt to new expectations for secondary students entering an uncertain workforce, the time is appropriate to investigate the need for school facilities to meet these present demands and those that continue to change curricula. This study has been conducted in order to determine the facility requirements for the delivery of the evolving technology/manual arts curriculum in Queensland. A set of validated design criteria for evaluating technology education and vocational education settings was developed and trialed to assist the designer of such facilities to meet the needs of this area on schools designed in different eras from the 1960s to the present. A review of the published literature would indicate that little has been written on this aspect of facilities design. While related studies have been conducted in North America, they were not confined to the designing of the facilities and only had specific relevance in that coun try. An expert group consisting of prominent Queensland educators provided the impetus for developing the criteria which had been generated through a systematic search of the literature. The methodology utilised to involve the expert group was the Nominal Group Technique. After the criteria had been developed, they were validated by questionnaire through a 30% random sample of practicing heads of department across Queensland in both state and independent systems. A trial evaluation using current facilities was subsequently conducted to determine the effectiveness of the criteria in terms of teacher acceptability as well as establishing a pattern of needs for modification. Practitioners who use the facility for teaching technology education and/or vocational education could use the set of criteria to evaluate their facility in a similar manner to that of evaluating their students. Such evaluations could then become the basis for ffiture school planning and budgetary allocations as well as asset management of existing facilities. The study proved to be valuable as the validated criteria have the potential of being used as a tool by teachers to evaluate their facilities. At the systems level of operation, the criteria will provide assistance for designers, architects and teachers to prepare informal educational briefs. Such briefs would provide a consistent approach to the some times difficult task of clearly defining the function of a facility. The modem facility must meet the needs of current curriculum and be sufficiently flexible and adaptable to provide the educational requirements well into the twenty-first century. These developed criteria will gr eatly assist in this process. Overview It is a great honor for me to join in the celebration of the 100th birthday of National Taipei Teachers College. In the United States, this year is also the 100th anniversary of a famous march, the Stars and Stripes Forever, composed by the revered bandmaster, John Phillips Sousa in 1896. I learned this when I attended a band concert this fall, celebrating the 100th anniversary of the Department of Bands at Indiana University. During the concert I was thinking about what I might say today, and I realized that National Taipei Teachers College, the IU Department of Bands, and the Stars and Stripes Forever are all 100 years old this year. I plan to talk today on the topic: evaluation of use of information technology in education. First, I will discuss the use of information technology as a lever for change in educational systems and practice. Second, I will talk about the development of criteria for evaluating information technology systems in K-12 education. During 1993-95, I played a central role on a team of faculty and graduate students at Indiana University who helped develop these criteria for the National Study of School Evaluation. I will provide a brief overview of the criteria for use of information technology in K-12 education in the United States. Finally, I will share my personal philosophy on use of technology in education. Stability and Change in Education The publication of A Nation at Risk in 1983 helped to renew U.S. efforts to further improve public schooling. We have given names to these reform efforts such as: site-based management, school restructuring and educational systems design (cf. Banathy, 1991; Reigeluth, 1992; Frick, 1993). One difficulty in changing a system is that it tends to remain the same. Systems try to attain and maintain some level of stability (cf. Maccia Maccia, 1975; 1966). The big challenge is: How can we overcome this stability in our education systems in order to make positive changes, without harming what is already good and should not be changed? One educator in Indiana has joked that the problem of getting our schools to change is like trying to change the direction of a big elephant going 100 miles per hour. Indicators of Quality Information Technology Systems in Education The National Study of School Evaluation recently published Technology: Indicators of Quality Information Technology Systems in K-12 Schools (NSSE, 1996). This publication provides: * a vision for student learning in technology through suggestions of performance indicators at the elementary, middle and high school levels, * indicators for judging how a schools instructional system supports learning achievement in technology, and * indicators for evaluating how a schools organizational system supports its vision. History of Educational Technology during ancient times There is no written evidence which can tell us exactly who has coined the phrase educational technology. Different educationists, scientists and philosophers at different time intervals have put forwarded different definitions of Educational Technology. Educational technology is a multifaceted and integrated process involving people, procedure, ideas, devices, and organization, where technology from different fields of science is borrowed as per the need and requirement of education for implementing, evaluating, and managing solutions to those problems involved in all aspects of human learning. Educational technology, broadly speaking, has passed through five stages. The first stage of educational technology is coupled with the use of aids like charts, maps, symbols, models, specimens and concrete materials. The term educational technology was used as synonyms to audio-visual aids. The second stage of educational technology is associated with the electronic revolution with the introduction and establishment of sophisticated hardware and software. Use of various audio-visual aids like projector, magic lanterns, tape-recorder, radio and television brought a revolutionary change in the educational scenario. Accordingly, educational technology concept was taken in terms of these sophisticated instruments and equipments for effective presentation of instructional materials. The third stage of educational technology is linked with the development of mass media which in turn led to communication revolution for instructional purposes. Computer-assisted Instruction (CAI) used for education since 1950s also became popular during this era. The fourth stage of educational technology is discernible by the individualized process of instruction. The invention of programmed learning and programmed instruction provided a new dimension to educational technology. A system of self-learning based on self-instructional materials and teaching machines emerged. The latest concept of educational technology is influenced by the concept of system engineering or system approach which focuses on language laboratories, teaching machines, programmed instruction, multimedia technologies and the use of the computer in instruction. According to it, educational technology is a systematic way of designing, carrying out and evaluating the total process of teaching and learning in terms of specific objectives based on research. Educational technology during the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age Educational technology, despite the uncertainty of the origin of the term, can be traced back to the time of the three-age system periodization of human prehistory; namely the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age. Duringthe Stone Age, ignition of fire by rubbing stones, manufacture of various handmade weapon and utensils from stones and clothing practice were some of the simple technological developments of utmost importance. A fraction of Stone Age people developed ocean-worthy outrigger canoe ship technology to migrate from one place to another across the Ocean, by which they developed their first informal education of knowledge of the ocean currents, weather conditions, sailing practice, astronavigation, and star maps. During the later Stone Age period (Neolithic period),for agricultural practice, polished stone tools were made from a variety of hard rocks largely by digging underground tunnels, w hich can be considered as the first steps in mining technology. The polished axes were so effective that even after appearance of bronze and iron; people used it for clearing forest and the establishment of crop farming. Although Stone Age cultures left no written records, but archaeological evidences proved their shift from nomadic life to agricultural settlement. Ancient tools conserved in different museums, cave paintings like Altamira Cave in Spain, and other prehistoric art, such as the Venus of Willendorf, Mother Goddess from Laussel, France etc. are some of the evidences in favour of their cultures. Neolithic Revolution of Stone Age resulted into the appearance of Bronze Age with development of agriculture, animal domestication, and the adoption of permanent settlements. For these practices Bronze Age people further developed metal smelting, with copper and later bronze, an alloy of tin and copper, being the materials of their choice. The Iron Age people replaced bronze and developed the knowledge of iron smelting technology to lower the cost of living since iron utensils were stronger and cheaper than bronze equivalents. In many Eurasian cultures, the Iron Age was the last period before the development of written scripts. Educational technology during the period of Ancient civilizations According to Paul Saettler, 2004, Educational technology can be traced back to the time when tribal priests systematized bodies of knowledge and ancient cultures invented pictographs or sign writing to record and transmit information. In every stage of human civilization, one can find an instructional technique or set of procedures intended to implement a particular culture which were also supported by number of investigations and evidences. The more advanced the culture, the more complex became the technology of instruction designed to reflect particular ways of individual and social behaviour intended to run an educated society. Over centuries, each significant shift in educational values, goals or objectives led to diverse technologies of instruction. The greatest advances in technology and engineering came with the rise of the ancient civilizations. These advances stimulated and educated other societies in the world to adopt new ways of living and governance. The Indus Valley Civilization was an early Bronze Age civilization which was located in the northwestern region of the Indian Subcontinent. The civilization was primarily flourished around the Indus River basin of the Indus and the Punjab region, extending upto the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley and the Ganges-Yamuna Doab, (most of the part is under todays Pakistan and the western states of modern-day India as well as some part of the civilization extending upto southeastern Afghanistan, and the easternmost part of Balochistan, Iran). There is a long term controversy to be sure about the language that the Harappan people spoke. It is assumed that their writing was at least seems to be or a pictographic script. The script appears to have had about 400 basic signs, with lots of variations. People write their script with the direction generally from right to left. Most of the writing was found on seals and sealings which were probably used in trade and official administrative work. Harappan people had the knowledge of the measuring tools of length, mass, and time. They were the first in the world to develop a system of uniform weights and measures. In a study carried out by P. N. Rao et al. in 2009, published in Science, computer scientists found that the Indus scripts pattern is closer to that of spoken words, which supported the proposed hypothesis that it codes for an as-yet-unknown language. According to the Chinese Civilization, some of the major techno-offerings from China include paper, early seismological detectors, toilet paper, matches, iron plough, the multi-tube seed drill, the suspension bridge, the wheelbarrow, the parachute, natural gas as fuel, the magnetic compass, the raised-relief map, the blast furnace, the propeller, the crossbow, the South Pointing Chariot, and gun powder. With the invent of paper they have given their first step towards developments of educational technology by further culturing different handmade products of paper as means of visual aids. Ancient Egyptian language was at one point one of the longest surviving and used languages in the world. Their script was made up of pictures of the real things like birds, animals, different tools, etc. These pictures are popularly called hieroglyph. Their language was made up of above 500 hieroglyphs which are known as hieroglyphics. On the stone monuments or tombs which were discovered and rescued latter on provides the evidence of existence of many forms of artistic hieroglyphics in ancient Egypt. Educational technology during Medieval and Modern Period Paper and the pulp papermaking process which was developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, was carried to the Middle East and was spread to Mediterranean by the Muslim conquests. Evidences support that a paper mill was also established in Sicily in the 12th century. The discovery of spinning wheel increased the productivity of thread making process to a great extent and when Lynn White added the spinning wheel with increasing supply of rags, this led to the production of cheap paper, which was a prime factor in the development of printing technology. The invention of the printing press was taken place in approximately 1450 AD, by Johannes Gutenburg, a German inventor. The invention of printing press was a prime developmental factor in the history of educational technology to convey the instruction as per the need of the complex and advanced-technology cultured society. In the pre-industrial phases, while industry was simply the handwork at artisan level, the instructional processes were relied heavily upon simple things like the slate, the horn book, the blackboard, and chalk. It was limited to a single text book with a few illustrations. Educational technology was considered synonymous to simple aids like charts and pictures. The year 1873 may be considered a landmark in the early history of technology of education or audio-visual education. An exhibition was held in Vienna at international level in which an American school won the admiration of the educators for the exhibition of maps, charts, textbooks and other equipments. Maria Montessori (1870-1952), internationally renowned child educator and the originator of Montessori Method exerted a dynamic impact on educational technology through her development of graded materials designed to provide for the proper sequencing of subject matter for each individual learner. Modern educational technology suggests many extension of Montessoris idea of prepared child centered environment. In1833, Charles Babbages design of a general purpose computing device laid the foundation of the modern computer and in 1943, the first computing machine as per hi design was constructed by International Business Machines Corporation in USA. The Computer Assisted instruction (CAI) in which the computer functions essentially as a tutor as well as the Talking Type writer was developed by O.K. Moore in 1966. Since 1974, computers are interestingly used in education in schools, colleges and universities. In the beginning of the 19th century, there were noteworthy changes in the field of education. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), right from its start of school broadcasts in 1920 had maintained rapid pace in making sound contribution to formal education. In the USA, by 1952, 20 states had the provision for educational broadcasting. Parallel to this time about 98% of the schools in United Kingdom were equipped with radios and there were regular daily programmes. Sidney L. Pressey, a psychologist of Ohio state university developed a self-teaching machine called Drum Tutor in 1920. Professor Skinner, however, in his famous article Science of Learning and art of Teaching published in 1945 pleaded for the application of the knowledge derived from behavioral psychology to classroom procedures and suggested automated teaching devices as means of doing so. Although the first practical use of Regular television broadcasts was in Germany in 1929 and in 1936 the Olympic Games in Berlin were broadcasted through television stations in Berlin, Open circuit television began to be used primarily for broadcasting programmes for entertainment in 1950. Since 1960, television is used for educational purposes. In 1950, Brynmor, in England, used educational technological steps for the first time. It is to be cared that in 1960, as a result of industrial revolution in America and Russia, other countries also started progressing in the filed of educational technology. In this way, the beginning of educational technology took place in 1960 from America and Russia and now it has reached England, Europe and India. During the time of around 1950s, new technocracy was turning it attraction to educations when there was a steep shortage of teachers in America and therefore an urgent need of educational technology was felt. Dr. Alvin C. Eurich and a little later his associate, Dr. Alexander J. Stoddard introduced mass production technology in America. Team teaching had its origin in America in the mid of 1950s and was first started in the year 1955 at Harvard University as a part of internship plan. In the year 1956, Benjamin Bloom from USA introduced the taxonomy of educational objectives through his publication, The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, The Classification of Educational Goals, Handbook I: Cognitive Domain.

Sub-Saharan Civilizations Essay -- History, African Civilizations

The textbook has defined a civilization as a â€Å"sophistication of a peoples intellectual, cultural, and artistic traditions† (149). It continues to describe characteristics such as writing, the development of cities, as well as a state bureaucracy as a means of recognizing civilizations (149). These, while a general guide, do not and should not solely determine whether or not a society is a civilization as there are many other factors to take into account. Africa, for example, differed from Europe and Asia tremendously in organization, among many other ways (149). While many African societies did not consist of all these characteristics, many were literate and developed urban populations (149). The lack of state bureaucracy within an African society, or an absence of another characteristic alone, should not solely determine whether or not a society is a civilization (149). One must take other factors into consideration because the civilizations of one region, do not mimic that of others. The geographic location and make up of the African continent hindered Sub Saharan contact with the...

Report Essay

Introduction Like other schools around the nation, Beech Grove Intermediate School is experiencing a serious problem with attendance. This has been cited as a problem and something that needs to be addressed so that Beech Grove Intermediate can achieve the attendance rate they need to become a Four-Star status school. Currently, the attendance at Beech Grove Intermediate is averaging around 95 percent. The rate needs to increase to 97 percent for the school to achieve Four-Star status. Beech Grove Intermediate does have an attendance policy; however, other strategies could be implemented to increase the attendance. Attendance is an important part of children’s and parents’ everyday responsibilities, and poor attendance habits cause lifelong consequences. Many schools around the nation report low attendance and high tardiness rates. This problem needs to be addressed in order to help our children do well in school and become responsible adults. Children who are habitually late or chronically absent miss out on much that is learned in school. Even being 5 to 10 minutes late each day creates a situation where children can lose a considerable amount of time that is being spent on their schooling. Also, it is known that children with poor attendance rates in elementary and high school continue to show problems of tardiness and even proficiency later in life once they go to college or pursue a career. Changes in the attendance program at Beech Grove are needed, and the following report is intended to propose tactics for increasing the attendance rate at Beech Grove Intermediate School. Methodology For this report we surveyed teachers from six local elementary and secondary schools to get an idea of what other schools were doing to increase their attendance. We received 50 completed questionnaires. We also searched scholarly databases such as ERIC to find relevant articles on the problem of increasing attendance. These articles outline several solutions to  increasing attendance in schools. Review of the Literature This review of recently published literature on attendance addresses causes, effective policies, parental contact, community involvement, teacher/student relationships, and rewards and incentives to increase student attendance. Causes of Absenteeism All the literature agrees that absenteeism is an all too common problem for schools around the country. This can be traced to a range of causes from unsupportive school environment to poor health of the student. According to John Doughtery (1999), home dynamics play a key role in absenteeism. The parents are the key to how often a child attends class (Doughtery, 1999, p. 10). Janet Ford and Richard Sutphen (1996) agree with this and list parent influence on absenteeism as number two on their list for reasons for absence. They go on to state that lack of caring by the parents, or parents who are not home to see the child off to school are major reasons for students not to go to class, especially with younger students (Ford & Sutphen, 1996, p. 96). Other than home life, illness of the child is also given as a common reason for absenteeism in the literature. Also, appointments and vacations are listed as top reasons in the literature as well. Doughtery attests to this in saying, â€Å" It is now common practice for students to miss school for general appointments to avoid tests and assignments† (1999, p. 10). Two authors noted that homeless students or students who live in a family that move very frequently are more likely to be chronically absent from school (Epstien, Sheldon, 2002, p. 311). Some of the authors also agree that if a student is not succeeding in school then they are less likely to want to come to school. This also goes along with schools that do not give praise to students or interact with the students so that no one feels left out, and help to see that everyone succeeds (Doughtery, 1999, p. 10). In short, all of the authors agree that parental involvement and student-teacher interaction is very important in keeping absenteeism down. Effective Policies and Parental Contact As schools seek new programs and ideas for increasing student attendance, one of the two most frequently mentioned tactics in the literature are having an effective attendance policy and increasing communication with parents and guardians. According to Dan Vandivier (2003), a high school principal, attendance policies must be stringent and must also be persistently adhered to. He states that policies must be fair and also have â€Å"flexibility to accommodate mitigating circumstances† (Vandivier, 2003, p. 81). Vandivier’s new attendance policy no longer distinguished between excused and unexcused and allowed administration discretion in dealing with excessive absences for legitimate reasons (Vandivier, 2003, p. 81). Dougherty (1999) agrees that schools must produce a clear fair attendance policy that is up to date and standardized and communicate it. Many studies have also shown a correlation between increased parental contact and increased attendance (Smerka, 1993; Epstein & Sheldon, 2002). Smerka (1993) noted that after mailing notices to all parents informing them of the success of the attendance program and asking for their support, the perfect attendance rate increased to 13.9 percent (p. 96.) He claimed that the key to good attendance is promoting it everywhere to everyone (Smerka, 1993, p. 96). Another study also found that â€Å"the degree to which schools overcame the challenge of communicating effectively with families was related to gains in student attendance and declines in chronic absenteeism† (Epstein & Sheldon, 2002, p.315). The study noted that providing families with someone to talk to at the school about attendance or other issues was effective in increasing attendance (Epstein & Sheldon, 2002, p.315). In addition to simply having contact with parents, many authors agree that it is the responsibility of the parents to monitor their student’s absenteeism (Dougherty, 1999; Ford & Sutphen,1996; Kube & Radgan,1992). Dougherty (1999) says that parents â€Å"must be responsible for their child’s daily attendance and promptly inform the school attendance office when the student is absent† (p. 11). One study shows that increasing communication with parents and involving them in the student’s education are strategies for increasing attendance. This study also cited the use of a letter to parents informing them of the policy and encouraging them to discuss the importance  of good attendance with their children (Ford & Sutphen, 1996, p. 96). Another study also said that parents â€Å"must be responsible for the student’s daily attendance† and they must â€Å"stress the importance of daily attendance to their children† (Kube & Radgan, 1992). C reating effective attendance policies that are reviewed and renewed regularly and establishing parental contact are very important stepping stones for increasing attendance in schools. Community Involvement While it is not crucial to the success of an attendance program, many of our authors agree that solid community involvement can positively impact attendance rates. Many schools work with businesses in the community to offer incentives for students with good or perfect attendance (â€Å"Raising School Attendance,† 2002). John Daugherty (1999), an education professor at Linden-wood College, refers to programs which offer a series of incentives for attendance, ranging from fast-food coupons to entertainment centers which were offered at a discount from local businesses (p. 16). A different form of contribution is noted in Bob Maggi’s (1991) case study of a school in Missouri. A local company contributed $500 to fund their mentoring/ adoption program. Seeing how successful the project was, the company doubled the amount it contributes to the program. Another article suggests that schools work with law enforcement and local businesses. The author states, â€Å"With their support, children who should be in school will be in school† (â€Å"Raising School Attendance,† 2002). Joyce Epstein and Steven Sheldon from The Johns Hopkins University agree, saying, â€Å"Developing productive school-family-community connections has become one of the most commonly embraced policy initiatives in schools and school districts† (2002, p. 308). There are times when the community involvement takes a much more negative but still necessary angle. Often, students will be habitually absent and schools are now working to address that issue. Janet Ford and Richard Sutphen, social work professors at the University of Kentucky, mention that in some states or districts parents of students will face fines or even jail time if they fail to adhere to attendance laws (1996, p. 95). Dougherty  suggests other tactics, such as â€Å"implementing police sweeps, involving local agencies and the media and notifying juvenile authorities† (1999). Of course, these tactics are usually implemented in only severe cases of absenteeism. Community involvement and support can be a wonderful addition to attendance policies if tailored to meet the school’s needs and the student’s desires. Teacher/Student Relationships While family and community involvement both play important roles in maintaining good student attendance, our sources all agree that student-teacher relationships are also very important. Several authors encourage one on one meetings, or mentoring students who have attendance problems. In fact, at least one study (Maggi, 1991) is devoted entirely to this practice and with great results, while others (â€Å"Raising school attendance,† 2001 and Vandiver, 2003) simply add it into their attendance programs. Authors agree that to curb poor attendance teachers should lecture students every day about the importance of attending school daily. Kube and Ratigan (1992) insist, â€Å"Teachers must let students know that they are missed when they have been absent. They must ensure that important learning experiences occur each day in their classes† (p.3), while Dougherty (2003) concurs and adds, â€Å"And they must value and reward good attendance† (p.76). According to the literature, the teachers are also responsible for coming up with new and creative ways to entice children into coming to school every day. These enticements run the gamut from Vandiver’s (2003) idea of being exempt from having to take the final exams if the student has perfect attendance to Ford and Sutphin’s (1996) strategy of giving tokens to students with good attendance so that they could cash them in on prizes at the end of the week (p.98). In the end, authors agree that in order to keep attendance under control, educators need not only to regularly come up with new and innovative ideas to keep students coming to school but to consistently tell the students how important it is for them to be present every day. Rewards and Incentives Research has shown that attendance increases when schools incorporate incentive programs into their attendance policies. Bob Maggi (1998), principal at Jarrett High School, began a program which encouraged teachers to adopt a student. Maggi (1998) claimed that â€Å"A $500 grant from Southwestern Bell Foundation was distributed to the adopting teachers to be used to their discretion: for birthday or holiday gifts, for taking student out for dinner or a show, or to buy a sweatshirt or dance ticket† (p.12). It only took one year for Jarrett High School to receive the results they were searching for. Terrance Smerke (1993, p.95), principal of Aurora Middle School, along with other schools found it effective to reward the children with positive letters of their accomplishments (Best Practices for School Attendance, 1998). According to Janet Ford, PhD, and Richard Sutphen, PhD, both assistant professors, other types of incentives are posting student’s names in the hallway or reading them over the public address system (1996). One observation mentioned in the article â€Å"Raising School Attendance† (2002), was that Monday and Friday â€Å"are typically the days with the highest absenteeism. Planning special events for these days could improve attendance.† Vandivier (2003), principal of Twin Rivers High School, and John Dougherty (1999), professor of education at Linden-wood College, agree that rewards such as movie tickets, food coupons, and gift certificates will increase attendance. The article How do you improve student attendance, claims that one way to boost attendance is to put all the students’ names with perfect attendance into a drawing (2001, p.26). Ann Kube, math teacher at North Scott High School, and Gary Radigan, principle at Ankeny High School, agree that incentives encourage students to attend school regularly (1992). As most of the authors stated, incentives have been proven to increase attendance. Punishments/Consequences All of our authors agree that absenteeism has negative consequences for students, schools and society. In the article â€Å"Early Intervention to Improve Attendance In Elementary School for At risk Children,† Janet Ford and Richard V. Sutphen discuss the effects on students. They say that  non-attendees generally fall behind their peers in academic achievement and the development of social competence (Ford & Sutphen, 1996, p. 95). Consequences for parents include fines and jail time; consequences for schools are loss of funds, and for society higher rates of unemployment, poverty and lack of preparation to enter the work force (Ford & Sutphen, 1996, p. 95). Dougherty agrees that habits of absenteeism and tardiness affect work performance when youngsters become adults (1999, p. 7). In Dan Vandivier’s article entitled â€Å"Improving Attendance, A Formula that Worked† he discusses an attendance policy at Twin Rivers High School in Brosely, Montana. Policies state d that students that miss more than six days in a semester are not considered to have earned credit, and no distinction is made between excused and unexcused absences (2003, p. 81). As for students and specific punishments our authors disagreed with suspension. Dougherty states, â€Å"that suspending a student is giving them what he wants, a vacation† (1999, p. 9). As most of the authors conclude, there is some form of punishment given to a student that misses excessive days. Conclusion In conclusion, the above research findings all agree that attendance is a very important issue for students. The literature indicated that the following topics are important factors in increasing attendance: effective policies, parental contact, community involvement, teacher/student relationships, rewards and incentives, and punishments/consequences.

Financial Aid Appeal Essay

Dear Office of Financial Aid, My name is ——– and I am writing to appeal my suspension from financial aid. I hope that you will reconsider your decision and grant my financial aid. I would like to begin thanking you in advance for taking the time to read this letter and consider my request to reinstate my financial aid at Metropolitan State University at Denver. I admit, I took so many credit hours in college, but I would like to explain the reason. As Spanish person, and because I speak English as a second language, I had to take ESL(English as a Second Language) classes for my first two years (four semesters) at CCD (Community College of Denver). The ESL program was not something that I had chosen, but something that I had to get done in order to follow my general education. I did not mean to spent so much time in college and take so many credit hours, but I did not have other options. Now that I have completed the ESL program, I feel so excited and motivated about taking regular classes. I love being student at Metropolitan State University at Denver and it would mean so much to me if I was able to finish my degree and graduate at this school. I already had completed most of general course, I’m done with my Math and some major course. I am currently registered for next spring 2013 classes and a few classes for the upcoming to get done with my degree. Thank you for taking the time to read this letter, and I assure you that my education is, and will continue to be, my main priority. I just hope you’d help me achieve my goals quicker by reinstating my Financial Aid. Thank you for your time and consideration.

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The Red Planet essays Mars, otherwise known as the red planet, is approximately 227,940,000 km from the sun (Arnett 2000). It has two moons, Phobos and Deimos, which are believed to have been asteroids captured by the planets gravity (Sheehan 220). Mars is the 4th closest planet to the sun and it is the only other planet besides earth that at this time scientists believe could be inhabited by human life. Mars is in many ways like Earth. It has polar ice caps and is on almost the same tilted axis as earth. The similarity between the axis of Earth and Mars allow them to have similar seasons. There have been many unmanned space travel missions to Mars that have sent pictures, video, and information about the planet back to earth. An example would be the Surveyor 98 and the Mars Pathfinder (Exploring 2000). The future of exploration includes many more unmanned missions such as the Mars 2003 Rover Mission and 2001 Mars Odyssey. Mars is approximately 228,000,000 km from the Sun and is the first planet outside of Earths orbit. It has a diameter is 6,794 km which is about one half of the diameter of Earth but is still the 7th largest planet in our solar system (Arnett 2000). Even though Mars is smaller than Earth in size, the land surface area of the two planets is about the same. The gravity on Mars is much less than that of the Earth. Gravity on Mars is approximately two fifths of the gravity on Earth (Raeburn 128). The orbit of Mars is much like the orbit of Earth. Both are slightly tilted at nearly the same angle and direction. This tilt gives Mars four seasons similar to Earths. However, because a Martian year is about twice as long as an Earth year, each Martian season is also twice as long (Raeburn 415). It takes 687 days for Mars to rotate completely around the Sun. Because Mars is much further from the sun than Earth, temperatures on Mars are colder. The average temperature o...

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Service Industry Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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